The rate of catalase action Essay Example for Free

The rate of catalase action Essay I have to wear goggles, prevent any accidents that can damage my eyes I have to make sure I handle all the glassware carefully I have to handle the hydrogen peroxide very carefully because it is very toxic Method 1. Set up the experiment according to the diagram 2. Measure 10 cm of catalase (celery juice) 3. Measure 10 cm of Hydrogen Peroxide 4. Pour the catalase into the conical flask 5. Fill the burette with water 6. Pour the hydrogen peroxide into the conical flask and close the bung and start the timer 7. Record the volume of gas given off every 10 seconds () 8. Mix hydrogen peroxide with pure water to give the following percentage of concentration of acid: 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% 9. Repeat 1 8 using the 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% hydrogen peroxide 10. Repeat the whole experiment three times to get a more reliable result 11. Plot graphs for each concentration -volume of gas collected against time 12. Draw best-fit lines Diagram Analysis After I have done the experiment, I have got the results: 1st result Time (Seconds) Volume of gas collected when there is 100% of H O (cm ). Volume of gas collected when there is 80% of H O (cm ) Volume of gas collected when there is 20% of H O (cm ) 1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 5. 0 6. 2 7. 5 8. 6 9. 6 Now I am going to draw the graphs volume of gas collected against time. The graphs shows a curve best-fit line that means whenever the concentration increases, the volume of gas that was collected in the given time increases but the volume of gas collected increase at a slower rate at the end. The 100% concentration produced the most oxygen in the shortest time, which gives it a higher reaction rate than the others. According to the graph, it has proven my prediction is correct. The highest concentration would produce the most oxygen in the shortest time. The volume of gas collected increases at a slower rate at the end because the towards the end, there are less substrate and enzyme left, so it takes longer to react and releases the gas(oxygen). The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. A reaction will take place when the particles of the reacting substances collide with each other and a fixed amount of energy called the activation energy is reached. If a collision between particles can produce sufficient energy (i. e. if they collide fast enough and in the right direction) a reaction will take place. This is called the Collision Theory for rates of reaction. Concentration of the substrate increases, the greater the rate of reaction will be because higher concentration means a higher number of particles in a given volume. If there are more particles, there will be more reaction. More reaction means a larger number of successful collisions. Therefore the catalase action rate will increase. Also, the particles are closer together, so they can collide more often. The more often they collide, the chance of reaction happening increases. So the catalase action rate increases. Evaluation I think the results are very good that I can use them to support what I predicted at the beginning. I also have enough evidence to support my conclusion. The points on my graph are not very close to the best-fit line which is due to the large scale I used, so the gap seems to be bigger. But the points let me draw reasonable best-fit lines and they also show the pattern I expect. I think I can still rely on the results because they show the general pattern for each concentration. I know my results are reliable because they fitted my prediction and it also enables me to explain the relation between concentration and rate of catalase reaction. Also, I repeated my experiment three times to obtain the results, so I know they are reliable. The appropriate apparatus I used, increases the accuracy of the results. I think my experiment is quite successful as I can collect results that help me to draw some accurate graphs except there are a few anomalous points. I think this happened because: 1) I did not close the bung quick enough and some gas leak out which cause a decrease in the readings 2) I did not use the same celery each time because 1 celery does not provide sufficient catalase for the whole experiment which can cause increase or decrease to the readings 3) The temperature is slightly different as I did the experiment in three different days which can cause increase or decrease to the readings I think there is a better way of doing it that is to have a tap at the top. When I open it, the hydrogen peroxide will drop down into the catalase and I do not need to put the bung on because the bung is put on top of the tap which means no gas will leak out. Also, when I time it with a stopwatch, it will not be as accurate as using computers to time because human has reaction time that will increase the time taken and this will make the experiment less accurate. I can do the experiment in this way: For this experiment, I have used celery as a source of catalase, other than this; I can use potatoes or liver that may affect the time taken to collect gas, as they are different. Further experiment Planning Apparatus A 50cm conical flask with a bung A burette Clamps and stand Delivery tube Container 10cm measuring cylinder A stopwatch. 20 vol of hydrogen peroxide Potato tubes (catalase) Safety control I have to make sure all the school bags and chairs are under the table, in case I trip over I have to wear goggles, prevent any accidents that can damage my eyes I have to make sure I handle all the glassware carefully I have to handle the hydrogen peroxide very carefully because it is very toxic Method 1. Set up the experiment according to the diagram 2. Measure 10 g of catalase (potato juice) 3. Measure 10 cm of Hydrogen Peroxide 4. Pour the catalase into the conical flask 5. Fill the burette with water 6.Set up the light sensor and the computer 7. Turn on the tap and start the computer at the same time 8. Record the volume of gas given off every 10 seconds (10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s and 80s) 9. Mix hydrogen peroxide with pure water to give the following percentage of concentration of acid: 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% 10. Repeat 1 9 using the 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% hydrogen peroxide 11. Repeat the whole experiment three times to get a more accurate result 12. Plot graphs for different concentration- volume of gas collected against time 13. Draw best-fit lines 14.

nine commentaries on the communist party :: essays research papers

0. Introduction More than a decade after the fall of the former Soviet Union and Eastern European communist regimes, the international communist movement has been spurned worldwide. The demise of the Chinese Communist Party is only a matter of time. 1. On What the Communist Party Is This article concerns the impact on the civilization of China of the communist movement and the Communist Party. Looking at the history of China’s last 160 years, nearly one hundred million people have died unnatural deaths and almost all of the traditional Chinese culture and civilization have been destroyed. What have been the consequences, whether the CCP was chosen by the Chinese or it was imposed on China from the outside? 2. On the Beginnings of the Chinese Communist Party Why did the Communist Party emerge, grow and eventually seize power in contemporary China? Did the Chinese people choose the Communist Party? Or, did the Communist Party gang up and force Chinese people to accept it? The CCP has set itself above all, conquering all in its path, thereby bringing endless catastrophe to China. 3. On the Tyranny of the Chinese Communist Party Today the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s violence and abuses are even more severe than those of the tyrannical Qin Dynasty. The CCP’s philosophy is one of â€Å"struggle,† and the CCP’s rule has been built upon a series of â€Å"class struggles,† â€Å"path struggles,† and â€Å"ideological struggles,† both in China and toward other nations. 4. On How the Communist Party Is an Anti-Universe Force In the last hundred years, the sudden invasion by the communist specter has created a force against nature and humanity, causing limitless agony and tragedy. It has also pushed civilization to the brink of destruction. It has become an extremely malevolent force against the universe. 5. On the Collusion of Jiang Zemin with the CCP to Persecute Falun Gong Why is Falun Gong, which upholds the principles of â€Å"Truthfulness, Compassion and Tolerance† and has been promulgated in over 60 countries worldwide, being persecuted only in China, not anywhere else in the world? In this persecution, what is the relationship between Jiang Zemin and the CCP? 6. On How the Chinese Communist Party Destroyed Traditional Culture The CCP has devoted the nation’s resources to destroying China’s rich traditional culture. The CCP’s destruction of Chinese culture has been planned, well organized, and systematic, made possible by the state’s use of violence. Since its establishment, the CCP has never stopped â€Å"revolutionizing† Chinese culture in the attempt to completely destroy its spirit.

Alcohol Abuse Among Teenagers Essay

It’s very interesting that I find myself writing about something that not only is commonsense, but what is more, something that every one knows about in general but may not in particular. Alcohol use among teenagers is a serious problem and is responsible for death and injury in automobile accidents, physical and emotional disability, deterioration of academic performances, aggressive behavior that causes a number of other sociological problems in families and among friends. It is also the primary cause of criminal behavior and a leading cause of broken marriages. As we know it’s a broad topic therefore I’ll look at the role that alcohol plays in the society and it’s impact on teenage addiction. MATTER OF CONCERN (Causes and effects) The age when young people are taking their first drink is becoming lower each year. Many studies show that preteens are experimenting with alcohol and many are already heavy drinkers (Cahalan 1997). It may be difficult for parents and teachers to believe that a seventh grade student can have an alcohol problem, but a study of student drinking practices shows that 5% of seventh-grade boys and 4. 4% of seventh-grade girls are seriously abusing alcohol (Royce 1996). That’s why we see the consequences in terms of antisocial behavior, school failure, attention deficit, learning disabilities and road accidents among the teenagers. THE MAIN CAUSE ?.. MEDIA. Despite the problems caused to young and old by alcohol, society sends mixed signals to its youth. Media presents alcohol drinking with peers as not only acceptable but also to insure friendship and as a romantic beverage. Movies present a realistic picture of alcohol abuse. A report by â€Å"scientific analysis corporation† examined drinking practices on television and found that out of 225 programs 701 alcoholic drinking acts were recorded which were against the voluntary code (Jean Lennane,1995) of the liquor industry. The code states that: a) Any actor shown drinking must be over the age sixty. a) Any drinking shown should be natural, sensible and responsible. a) Ads should not suggest that drinking alcohol contributes toward social, sexual or supporting success or as being a pre-requisite of relaxation. a) Ads should not challenge or dare people to consume alcohol. We can see the ads any night and judge rather how many don’t breach the voluntary code. AVAIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY A leading cause is that alcoholic drinks can be easily obtained and these are socially more acceptable than other drugs. Parents, teenagers and educators often fail to realize the potential for problems that alcohol presents to the immature psyche and body(Kay Healey, 1997). At the time when body and emotions are maturing, frequent or excessive use of alcohol can cause irrapareable damage. MISCONCEPTION: Drinking alcohol is only viewed as an adult behavior in the society. Alcoholic beverages are advertised and marketed as being associated with sexuality and romance, but, infact alcohol is a depressant which decreases overall sexual performance and dulls pleasurable feelings. (Kay Healey,1997) FAMILY FACTORS: Parental attitude and behavior regarding alcohol use play important role in how their children view it’s use. Evidence exists that a family history of antisocial and poor parenting increases the risk of having children who use alcohol and other drugs. The home is the primary source of alcohol for the young adolescent. ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: Teenagers report that they drink for enjoyment, to forget problems or to reduce stress and anxiety in their lives. Teenagers, however are at increased risk of becoming intoxicated while drinking less than adults because of their limited experience with alcohol and smaller body size. Depressed or those teenagers who have been physically or sexually abused may use alcohol in an attempt to cope with their psychological distress DRUNK DRIVING Inexperienced driving combined with inexperienced drinking is a deadly combination . A report from â€Å"National Centre For Health Statistics† shows that motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death among persons Between 15-23 years of age. Although they may reserve the right to drive, but, of course no right to put the others in danger while accidents. OTHER EFFECTS: Underage drinking has countless effects and therefore, it’s impossible to take all of them into account. Research shows that of those who began drinking at the age of 18,66% subsequently are classified with alcohol dependence and 7. 8% with alcohol abuse. If a person waits until the age of 21 before taking their first drink, these risks decreases by 60%. (Grant 103) Alcohol use can affect teenagers health, family relationships and can also place other members of the society in danger. It has a tendency to lower the productivity and the quality of work being done and can cause problems in both one’s school and career. Economic costs are also an issue when it comes to underage drinking. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM: Identifying the teenager alcohol abuser is difficult but not impossible. Specific behavior and characteristics to watch for to determine if alcohol abuse is occurring include the following; a) frequent absenteeism. b) decline in academic performance. c) lack of interest in extracurricular activities d) problems with peers e) self destructive behavior f) lack of energy g) lack of concern about personal wellbeing. h) obvious signs of intoxication CONCLUSION: Alcohol abuse among teenagers and even younger children is a rapidly growing social problem. Alcohol is glamorized in movies and television. Beer commercials using sports figures try to convince teenagers. As a society we send mixed signals to our youth about alcohol use, on the one hand we talk about it, joke about it, and treat it as not only acceptable but also desirable. On the other hand we recognize the problems caused by alcohol abuse. Death and injuries in traffic accidents, loss of productivity, child abuse, broken homes and other serious societal problems linked to alcohol. REMEDY: In my suggestion, an intensive education program supported by the community with qualified persons and also supported by the government in terms of financial support can positively change the attitudes and cause significant change in knowledge about alcohol. Schools can play an important role to initiate education and preventive efforts because they reach more students than any other place. It also involves complete commitment with extensive planning. REFERENCES  · Grant 1996,adolescent drug abuse, vol 76, pgg 84,85.  · Cahalan 1997, underage use and abuse of alcohol, pg 87  · Royce 1996, alcohol,the national hangover, pg 44  · Jean Lennane 1995, alcohol, pg 56  · Alcohol, the facts, 1997, Australian government publishing service,pg148  · Key Healey, 1997,Alcohol, The facts, pg 176 ADDITIONAL READINGS  · Gall T. L. , 1996 , Statistics on alcohol use,gale research inc.  · Alcoholism, 1998,vol 64, Neil kessel and Henry Walton.

The Levels Of Obedience - 1224 Words

During the Holocaust, millions of Jews were murdered. One specific person did not cause these deaths, because there was a division of labor. Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi organizer of these mass murders, never saw the direct effects of the genocide he was orchestrating. After the Holo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to authority; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings useful information, while others thought his experiment was morally unacceptable due to his use of deception. Diana Baumrind, author of â€Å"Some Thoughts on the Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram’s ‘Behavioral Study of Obedi-ence,’† disagrees with Milgram’s use of deception and manipulation in his experiment. Con-trasting Baumrind, Richard Herrnstein, author of â€Å"Measuring Evil,† believes deception was nec-essary in order for Milg ram’s experiment to be effective. Deception is ultimately needed in the experiment, especially because Milgram’s findings are beneficial information for social science. In Stanley Milgram’s experiment, â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† one person signed up to aid in a study of learning and memory; this person was the â€Å"teacher.† This person did not know the other person accompanying him in the study is an actor. This person was a â€Å"teacher† in the study, and the actor was the â€Å"learner;† there was another actor, the â€Å"experimenter,† who was the authorityShow MoreRelatedThe Level Of Obedience Of Participants999 Words   |  4 Pages1. Milgram’s experimental aim was to measure the level of obedience of participants if an authority figure orders them to go against their moral conscience. Forty men aged between 20 and 50 were recruited using advertisements about a study of learning and memory from New Haven. In exchange for their participation, they were rewarded $4.50. 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The Milgram study was done by Stanley Milgram a Yale University psychologist, whose study was to focus on two things one being obedience to authority, and a persons personal conscience. The results of the study were remarkable, as according to (McLeod, 2007) 65 percent of two-thirds of the participants or teachers continued administering shocks to the highest voltage le vel of 450 volts. The rest of the teachers continued